They can be solved analytically or numerically and are provided in many references. 1–9 The theoretical equations presented are based on the homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM), assuming thermal and mechanical equilibrium for the fluid passing through the valve nozzle at any cross-section perpendicular to the flow direction (i.e., thermo-physical properties, including density, are uniform at normal direction).įor single-phase fluids, sizing equations are well established and known. Various approaches-theoretical and empirical- to size such a device for all fluids have been derived, developed, published and reviewed by many authors. The first (and potentially most) important step in the design of a safety valve is to size it as accurately as possible. While other limitations exist, such as material selection and temperature-pressure rating, a proper sizing can guarantee and optimize protection. Pressure safety valves (PSVs) are designed to protect personnel and plant properties from an overpressure occurrence in equipment or piping by relieving fluid to a safe location.
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